Each country has different visa requirements and restrictions and each has differing rules depending on what nationality you are - so there are few universally-applicable rules. Argentina. Some nationalities have to pay a reciprocity fee before they arrive at the border, others don't. Brazil - Australians have to get a visa before they turn up, others don't. Length of stay permitted also varies widely depending on your nationality. Some countries won't let some nationalities in at all without major hassles. Some have a requirement that you can only get a visa by personal interview in your home country. Others (China) require you to have an official invitation from an accredited provider and need to have an official guide as well.
Best is to spend a few hours on the internet and check out current rules for each country for your nationality and worst is to listen to what others experience has been.
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